↑ Holland, Tom; In the Shadow of the Sword; Little, Brown; 2012; Page 303: ‘Otherwise, in all the vast corpus of ancient literature, there is not a single reference to Mecca – not one’
↑ The New Encyclopædia Britannica: Micropædia Volume 8. USA: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 1995. p. 473. ISBN0-85229-605-3
1 2 Holland, Tom; In the Shadow of the Sword; Little, Brown; 2012; Page 471
1 2 Crone, Patricia; Meccan Trade and the Rise of Islam; 1987; Page 7
↑ Holland, Tom; In the Shadow of the Sword; Little, Brown; 2012; Page 303
↑ Translated by C H Oldfather, Diodorus Of Sicily, Volume II, William Heinemann Ltd., Luân Đôn & Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, MCMXXXV, p. 217.
↑ Jan Retsö, The Arabs in Antiquity (2003), 295–300
↑ Photius, Diodorus and Strabo (English): Stanley M. Burnstein (tr.), Agatharchides of Cnidus: On the Eritraean Sea (1989), 132–173, esp. 152–3 (§92).)
↑ Crone, Patricia (1987). Meccan Trade and the Rise of Islam. Princeton University Press. tr. 134–135. ISBN1593331029.
↑ G. Lankester Harding & Enno Littman, Some Thamudic Inscriptions from the Hashimite Kingdom of the Jordan (Leiden, Netherlands – 1952), Page: 19, Inscription No. 112A
↑ Jawwad Ali, The Detailed History of Arabs before Islam (1993), Vol.4, Page: 11
↑ Hawting, G. R. (1980). “The Disappearance and Rediscovery of Zamzam and the 'Well of the Ka'ba'”. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London 43 (1): 44–54 (44). JSTOR616125. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00110523.
↑ ʿAbdu r-Rahmān ibn Nāsir as-Saʿdī. “Tafsir of Surah al Fil – The Elephant (Surah 105)”. Translated by Abū Rumaysah. Islamic Network. Bản gốc lưu trữ ngày 20 tháng 12 năm 2010. Truy cập ngày 15 tháng 3 năm 2013. This elephant was called Mahmud and it was sent to Abrahah from Najashi, the king of Abyssinia, particularly for this expedition.
↑ Dr Harjinder Singh Dilgeer says that Mecca was not banned to non-Muslim till nineteenth century; Sikh History in 10 volumes, Sikh University Press, (2010–2012), vol. 1, pp. 181–82
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